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更新日期：2018-11-04
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Introduction Doing Philosophy
Beyond Buzzwords
Articulation and Argument: Two Crucial Features
of Philosophy
Concepts and Conceptual Frameworks
Doing Philosophy with Style
A Little Logic
Deduction
Induction
Criticizing Arguments
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Chapter Philosophical Questions
Philosophical Questions
Opening Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
The Meaning of Meaning
Children as Meaning
God as Meaning
Afterlife as Meaning
No Meaning at All
The Meanings of Life
Life as a Game
Life as a Story
Life as Tragedy
Life as Comedy
Life as a Mission
Contents
viii
Life as Art
Life as an Adventure
Life as Disease
Life as Desire
Life as Nirvana
Life as Altruism
Life as Honor
Life as Learning
Life as Suffering
Life as an Investment
Life as Relationships
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
Believing in God
Gods and Goddesses
The Traditional Western Conceptions of God
God as Transcendent
God as Immanent
God as Totally Immanent: Pantheism
God as Universal Spirit
God as Process
God as Transcendent Creator: Deism
God as the Unknown Object of Faith
God as a Moral Being
The Problem of Evil
Denial of God
Two Kinds of Evil
Denial of Evil
The Least of the Evils
The Aesthetic Totality Solution
The Free-Will Solution
Justice in the Afterlife
God’s “Mysterious Ways”
Working Out an Answer
Faith and Reason: Ways of Believing
The Cosmological Argument
The Argument from Design
The Ontological Argument
Rational Faith
Pascal’s Wager
Irrational Faith
Contents
Religious Tolerance: Ritual, Tradition, and Spirituality
Doubts
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
The Real World
What Is Most Real?
The Reality Behind the Appearances
Dreams, Sensations, and Reason: What Is Real?
The Basis of Metaphysics
The First Metaphysicians
Thales
The Pre-Socratic Materialists
Early Nonphysical Views of Reality
Plato’s Forms
Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Mind and Metaphysics
René Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Idealism
Teleology
Metaphysics and the Everyday World
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
What Is True?
Two Kinds of Truth
Empirical Truth
Necessary Truth
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Presuppositions of Knowledge
Skepticism
René Descartes and the Method of Doubt
David Hume’s Skepticism
The Resolution of Skepticism: Immanuel Kant
Knowledge, Truth, and Science
Contents ix
x
The Nature of Truth
The Coherence Theory of Truth
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Rationality
Why Be Rational?
Subjective Truth and the Problem
of Relativism
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
The Essential Self
Self as Body, Self as Consciousness
The Self and Its Emotions
The Egocentric Predicament
The Mind-Body Problem
Behaviorism
Identity Theory
Functionalism
The Self as a Choice
No Self, Many Selves
The Self as Social
Self and Relationships
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
Freedom and the Good Life
Why Is Freedom So Important
to Us?
What Is Freedom?
Free Will and Determinism
Determinism Versus Indeterminism
The Role of Consciousness
Soft Determinism
In Defense of Freedom
Closing Questions
Suggested Readings
Opening Questions
The Good Life
Hedonism
Contents
xi
Success
Asceticism
Freedom
Power and Creativity
Religion
Happiness
Egoism Versus Altruism
Morality and Theories of Morality
Duty-Defined Morality
Immanuel Kant and the Authority
of Reason
Consequentialist Theories
Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and
John Stuart Mill
Aristotle and the Ethics of Virtue
